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Objective:To explore the mechanism of Taraxaci Herba in the treatment of breast cancer by screening out the active ingredients and targets, so as to construct a herb-ingredient-disease-target network based on network pharmacology. Methods:Based on Batman TCM, PubChem, SwissTargePrediction database and GeneCards and OMIM database to screen out active ingredients and corresponding targets of Taraxaci Herba by using Cytoscape software to construct the interactive network among medicine and disease to screen out the potential ingredients and targets of Taraxaci Herba in the treatment of breast cancer. Finally, the information of signaling pathway was obtained after the GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed based on R softwares, and to explore the mechanism of action. Results:Expect to get 8 active ingredients, and 42 targets gene. And futher predict that the mechanism may relate to MicroRNAs in cancer signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Prolactin signaling pathway and RNA polymerase Ⅱ proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA signaling pathway. Among the pathways, Akt1, PTGS2, ESR1, NFKB1 and AR genes may play a crucial role.Conclusion:The effect of Taraxaci Herba on breast cancer is multi-component, multi-target and multi-channel, which provides a basis for further understanding the mechanism and further research of dandelion in treating breast cancer.
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OBJECTIVE：To improve the quality standard of Taraxaci Herba ，and to evaluate the quality of T. officinale from different origins. METHODS ：Based on the provisions of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅰ）under the item “Taraxaci Herba ”，the method of content determination was added for the detection of water-soluble extracts （hot extraction method）and alcohol-soluble extracts （hot extraction method ），total flavonoids ，chlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，cichoric acid and isochlorogenic acid A. HPLC fingerprint was established by using 42 batches of T. officinale from 8 producing areas as object ，and principal component analysis was performed on the basis of above results. RESULTS ：The contents of alcohol-soluble extracts in 42 batches of T. officinale were 15.30％-30.40％，and those of water-soluble extracts were 27.59％-38.96％. The concentration of total flavonoids（UV spectrophotometry ），chlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，cichoric acid and isochlorogenic acid A （HPLC method ）were 0.016-0.096，0.003-0.196，0.004-0.117，0.025-1.578，0.002-0.152 mg/mL，respectively （all R2＞0.999）；RSDs of precision ， stability and repeatability tests were all lower than 2.00％（n＝6）；average sample recovery were 98.97％-103.53％，and RSDs were 1.19％-1.58％. The contents of total flavonoids ，chlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，cichoric acid and isochlorogenic acid A were 0.734％ -3.700％ ，0.004％ -0.123％ ，0.006％ - 0.087％ ，0.073％ -1.499％ ，0.005％ -0.109％ respectively in 42 batches of T. officinale. For 42 batches of T. officinale samples in HPLC fingerprint ，RSDs of the relative retention time of the common peak were 0-0.94％，and RSDs of the relative peak area were 0-125.57％. Among them ，the similarity of 39 batches of samples was all higher than 0.900. Results of principal component analysis showed that the quality of T. officinale from Shaanxi province was better，followed by medicinal materials from Hebei province. CONCLUSIONS ：Tentatively，the contents of alcohol-soluble extract，water-soluble extract ，total flavonoids ，chlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，cichoric acid and isochlorogenic acid A shall not be less than 17.0％，27.0％，1.383％，0.024％，0.021％，0.450％，0.021％ for Taraxaci Herba. In addition to the low content of caffeic acid in T. officinale from Shaanxi province ，the other indexes were better ；the content of caffeic acid in T. officinale from Hebei province was higher than that from Shaanxi province ，and other indicators were slightly lower than that from Shaanxi province. The quality of comprehensive evaluation of T. officinale from other origins was relatively poor ，and the quality of different batches of medicinal materials from the same origin was unstable.
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Objective: To establish an LCMS/MS method for simultaneous determination of pcoumaric acid, caffeic acid,luteolin and luteoloside in Taraxaci Herba. Methods: The LC analysis was performed on a UPLC-MS/MS instrument with a Dikma Endeavorsil UPLC C18 column(100mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm),the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid solution-methanol in a gradient elution,and the flow rate was 0.2 ml/min;the column temperature was set at 35℃; the injection volume was 2 μl. For the MS/MS analysis,the ESI source was operated in the positive-ion mode and the ions were monitored in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode,the temperature of drying gas was 370℃,the sheath gas pressure was set at 10 Bar,the aux gas pressure was maintained at 30 Bar,and the spray voltage was controlled at 4000 V. Results Calibration curves showed good linearity for all 4 compounds in the concentration range of 0.1-10 μg/ml,and the correlation coefficient®was 0.9991,0.9996,0.9994 and 0.9999 for p-coumaric acid,caffeic acid,luteolin,and luteoloside,respectively. Conclusion: The present method could be used for the simultaneous determination of the above mentioned 4 components in Taraxaci Herba.
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Taraxaci Herba was derived from the dried Herba of Taraxacum mongolicum, T. borealisinense and several species from the Taraxacum genus. Taraxaci Herba has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines. According to the different growth and cultivation pattern, Taraxaci Herba could be divided into two species, wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. In the present study, an accurate and reliable fingerprint approach was developed using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for quality control of Taraxaci Herba. A total of 9 common peaks were marked, and the similarity of all the Taraxaci Herba samples was above 0.960. The established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of Taraxaci Herba. Furthermore, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous determination of six bioactive compounds, including monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin in wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. Moreover,chemometrics analysis such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed to compare and discriminate the wild samples and cultivated samples based on the quantitative data. The chemometrics results indicated that 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin were significant to effectively discriminate the wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba samples, and these two compounds could be recognized as chemical markers for quality evaluation of wild Taraxaci Herba and cultivated Taraxaci Herba. The fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multi-components could be a well-acceptable strategy for evaluation the quality of Taraxaci Herba.
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Objective: To establish an HPLC method for determination of cichoric acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid in Herba Taraxaci. Methods: A Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was adopted. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with the gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 325 nm, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. Results: The standard curve of cichoric acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid show a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.24-24.00, 0.092-9.200, 0.14-14.00 μg/mL and the average recoveries were 100.07%, 99.88%, and 101.67%, and RSD values were less than 2%. Conclusion: This method is simple and repeatable, and has good resolution and high selectivity. It can be used for the determination of cichoric acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid in Taraxaci Herba.
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Objective: To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract from Taraxaci Herba (AETH) on postprandial blood glucose (PBG) in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin (STZ) and to explore the mechanism. Methods: The PBG within 120 min was measured after 7 d ig administration of AETH (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg) in normal rats and diabetic model rats induced by STZ, and ELISA was performed to detect the serum insulin of rats in each group. The euglycemic clamp assay was performed to investigate the effect of AETH (400 mg/kg) on the insulin sensitivity in normal rats, and the glucose infusion rate (GIR) was detected. The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) against α-glucosidase was measured in vitro, using pNPG as substrate. Caco-2 cells were preincubated for 72 h with AETH (200 and 100 mg/L), and then the capacities of Caco-2 monolayer on maltose hydrolysis and glucose absorption were measured. Results: The 7 d ig administration of AETH decreased the PBG significantly in diabetic rats induced by STZ, but had no effect on serum insulin level and GIR. AETH inhibited α-glucosidase in vitro, and the IC50 was higher than that of acarbose. AETH (200 mg/L) inhibited the capacities of Caco-2 monolayer on both maltose hydrolysis and glucose absorption. Conclusion: AETH has the hypoglycemic effect on PBG in diabetic rats, and the mechanism is related to the inhibition of maltose hydrolysis and glucose absorption in small bowel.